Category Archives: Happy Valley

Happy Valley S1E1: act length

If you watch my breakdown here, you will find the act lengths are:

Act 1: 0.00 – 24.32

Act 1 length: 24.32

Act 2: 24.32 – 32.02

Act 2 length: 7.30

Act 3: 32.02 – 41.08

Act 3 length: 9.06

Act 4: 41.08 – 44.56

Act 4 length: 3.48

Act 5: 44.56 – 57.44

Act 5 length: 12.48

This article explains how many scenes in each act are dedicated to each story thread: Trilogy, Season, Personal and Storyworld:

Happy Valley – a deep dive into structure

This exploration of the opening episode of Sally Wainwright’s award-winning crime drama trilogy Happy Valley reveals 4 story threads, a 5 act structure, multiple antagonists, blurred boundaries and how the structure follows the journey not of trilogy protagonist Catherine but of the season antagonist Kevin. Dive in and discover.

From this article:

MA Writing for Script & Screen: final project – reflective blog

Having analysed Happy Valley season 1 episode by episode, act by act, I decided to write my TV pilot in 5 act structure.

I am using the same colour code as I used in my HV analysis, with an extra colour as I am working with two protagonists (my first time attempting this).

I am certainly not expecting a perfect result from this first attempt at a TV pilot but hopefully something which I can continue to work on when the MA has finished and something which I can submit with an element of confidence that it will pass.

Here is the way I have colour coded the first act, inspired by my analysis of the structure of Happy Valley.

What about you? Are you colour-coding your outlines?

Happy Valley S1 E05 Act structure & story threads.

Having looked at the previous 4 episodes, we are now on to episode 5.

It is actually really interesting to see the colour codes change.

Whereas in episode 1, act 5 is colour-coded mostly blue – dealing with the A story (season) main plot, as we near the season finale of episode 6, act 5 of episode 5 is mostly red – dealing with the A story (trilogy).

So, as we near the end of season 1, writer Sally Wainwright is preparing the ground for the season trilogy.

Here are the 5 acts of episode 5.

Colour codes as follows:

Interesting to note that act 1 is completely focused on A story for the season – Ann’s kidnap plot.

Act 2 gives us mostly season plot scenes but 3 family scenes inserted as well.

In Act 3 we see the writer bring us back to the main plot of the trilogy with splashes of red mixed in with the blue (season plot) and green (family).

In Act 4 we start to see the trilogy become more pronounced with red trilogy scenes outweighing blue and green. There is also one scene which ties one of the season antagonists to the background issue of drugs (colour code: brown) from where Happy Valley gets its name.

Finally, to kick us into the finale that is going to be Episode 6, we have the last act of Episode 5, which, with the exception of the first scene, is completely focused on Catherine, Ryan and Tommy Lee Royce and the deceased Becky.

SPOILER ALERT

In scene 52 Catherine explains to her grandson Ryan that she is crying because she misses his mum – Becky – who committed suicide after being raped by Tommy Lee Royce. This storyline will play out over the next two seasons, culminating in Episode 6 of Season 3. And in a twist of genius, the final scene of season 3 pays off the opening scene of season 1, even though season 1 and season 3 were made 8 years apart.

If you have any interesting notes about Happy Valley please let me know on Twitter @screenwriteorg

Happy Valley Season 1 Episode 1 step outline / story threads

SPOILER ALERT & CONTENT WARNING: ADULT THEMES

Let’s look at the structure of Episode 1 and see how writer Sally Wainwright weaves the 4 story threads together:

NB: The A story (trilogy) refers to the story overarching the entire 3 seasons. A story (season) means the story which expands throughout Season 1.

Episode 1 seems to be written in 5 acts, and follows the actions of the season protagonist (Kevin) rather than the trilogy antagonist (Tommy Lee Royce).

The end of each act is a turning point instigated by the actions of Kevin.

The final shot of the 1st act also reveals the trilogy antagonist Tommy Lee Royce.

Because of this, I have broken the episode into 5 acts:

Episode 1 opens with Catherine’s day to day – police procedure – not related to either A story (season) or A story (trilogy).

The following scene after the opening credits starts off the A story (season).

Scenes 4/5/6 refer to the A story (trilogy).

Midway through Act 1 Catherine kisses her ex-husband – already with someone new – referring to her personal life. She still has a thing for her ex-husband.

Then, we’re back into the Season story.

Next, trilogy story.

Season story.

Trilogy story.

Then 2 scenes which set up the season story (the inciting incident)

The final scene of Act 1 cleverly weaves together both A story (season) and A story (trilogy) around antagonist Tommy Lee Royce.

Act 2 opens with conflict between Ryan and Catherine – A story trilogy.

Next 2 scenes A story season.

Then 2 scenes C story.

Finally, A story season.

Act 3, the central act of the episode, begins with A story trilogy telling us the reason for this Protagonist / Antagonist battle – an immensely powerful scene where Catherine tells Ryan’s teacher the entire backstory of her daughter Becky, Lee Royce’s violent sexual assault and Becky’s consequent suicide.

We might call this the midpoint.

The following scene takes us to Catherine arranging to meet ex-husband Richard. I have included this as A story trilogy, as opposed to B story (family) because it leads up to Catherine’s expression to Richard of her absolute hatred of Tommy Lee Royce.

The next 3 scenes are dedicated to A story season.

Act 4 is completely dedicated to A story season.

Scenes 38/39/40 focus on A story season.

Scene 41 refers to police protocol as Catherine tells an amusing story to Kirsty about drugs.

Then, she spots Tommy Lee Royce, midway through the final act.

The final 4 scenes of act 5 all represent the season A story.

Ashley (JOE ARMSTRONG), Kevin (STEVE PEMBERTON), Lewis (ADAM LONG)

Happy Valley Season 1 Episode 3 step outline

SPOILER ALERT.

We can see that this episode is structured very differently from Episode 2

Like Episode 2, let’s explore in 5 acts.

Again, as previously, the 4 story threads are colour coded as follows:

Let’s start.

As you can see, unlike Episode 2, (we will do a comparison in another post) the entire act is dedicated to the A story (season) and the cop-murder of Kirsty.

Actually, this storyline could have its own colour code as an episode storyline, I decided to keep blue because the murder of Kirsty is a consequence of Ann’s kidnapping: A story (season).

The act is a furiously tragic depiction of the murder of Kirsty: emotional, brutal, shocking. It’s a terrific opener to Episode 3.

Many of these scenes are quick fire editing between the four characters: Kirsty, Lewis, Ann and Tommy Lee Royce.

The act break is clear, as Tommy Lee Royce leaves the body of Kirsty dead on the floor and the lights of her police van flashing.

Again, Act 2 is dedicated to the A story (season) with a slight nod to the C story of police, drugs & corruption.

The act again is clearly marked as a dramatic sequence and follows Catherine dealing with the crime scene.

Again, Act 3 is almost fully dedicated to the season A story – the kidnapping of Ann.

Again, there is a slight nod to Catherine’s day to day world of police protocol. Actually, these two scenes (44/45) depict Catherine dealing with anti-police hate speech.

Act 4, right up to minute 40 (scene 54) deals with the A story (season) the kidnapping of Ann.

Scene 54 is the first time in the entire episode we have seen any C story – Catherine’s personal life, with a slight nod to the A story of the trilogy – Ryan’s relationship with his dad Tommy Lee Royce.

Act 4 ends with a shocking line from Clare which brings Catherine crashing back to hell and hooks us to the A story for the trilogy:

“On the plus side… ” says Clare, “at least it (the murder of Kirsten) has taken your mind off Tommy Lee Royce.”

Act 5 is also dedicated to the A story of the season – the kidnapping of Ann.

Only the final scene brings us back to the A story for the trilogy – Catherine V Tommy Lee Royce.

What do you think about this structure?

Happy Valley Season 1 Episode 2 step outline

SPOILER ALERT. Please do not read if you have not seen Happy Valley Season 1.

We explore this episode in 5 acts.

Please note – Happy Valley is a trilogy: 3 seasons with 1 main overarching story.

In this post we will look at the various story threads, and how writer Sally Wainwright weaves them together.

We can observe four story threads:

The main story which runs through the three seasons is about Catherine and her grandson Ryan and his relationship with his father – trilogy antagonist Tommy Lee Royce. I have called this the ‘A’ story (trilogy).

Next, there is the season story: the kidnapping of Ann Gallagher by Kevin, Ashley, Lewis and Tommy Lee Royce. Let’s call this the ‘A’ story (season).

We can see immediately how the two A stories – season and trilogy – intertwine around the character of Tommy Lee Royce (the trilogy’s main antagonist).

Thirdly, we have Catherine’s extended family: her sister Clare, her ex-husband Richard and her son Daniel. Let’s call this the ‘B’ story.

Fourthly, we have the theme of drugs, police procedure, and corruption. Let’s call this the ‘C’ story.

The different story threads are colour coded.

Let’s look at Act 1.

So, here we can see the episode opens with the C story, followed by opening credits.

It is interesting to note there is no B story.

Immediately following the credits we are into the season A story – the kidnapping.

Next, we are nudged into the A story for the trilogy – Catherine (protag) V Tommy Lee Royce (antag).

The next two scenes introduce Catherine’s day to day of busting small time drugs gangs so represent the C story.

The act finishes focusing on the A story (season) of kidnapping with season victim Ann whimpering, bound and gagged, to carry us into Act 2.

Now let’s check Act 2. Again, no B story.

Here we can see that Act 2 focuses only on the two A stories, expertly interweaving the season story and trilogy story.

The act again finishes with Ann (season victim) and her ordeal, propelling us into Act 3.

Act 3 finally gives us some insight into Catherine’s personal life.

In fact, Act 3 blends all 4 storylines.

This central act opens with a scene introducing Daniel, Catherine’s son, inviting her and her sister Clare to dinner (paid off in Act 4 Scene 32.)

The next scene, 17, interweaves the C story, drugs and corruption, with the B story and the A story (trilogy).

The next 4 scenes, 19-22, focus on the season A story.

Scene 23, which we might call the midpoint of the episode, points to the A story of the trilogy.

Again, the act ends by focusing on Ann and her ordeal.

Act 4 steers away from the A story for the trilogy (Catherine / Ryan / Tommy Lee Royce) and opens with a 4 minute scene which references drugs and corruption, the C story.

The next scene, 27, foreshadows Kirsty’s death.

Scenes 28 / 29 focus on the A story (season).

The central scene of Act 4 brings us back to the C story: drugs and corruption.

Scenes 31/32 revolve around Catherine’s son, ex-husband and grandson – B story.

Act 4 ends with us focusing again on the A story for the season (33/34).

Act 5 opens with B story, with a powerful moral conflict between Catherine and Richard discussing the consequences on their family of dealing with bringing up a child who was born to their (deceased) daughter as the consequence of a rape.

The rest of this final act is equally split between A story (season) and A story (trilogy) – expertly separated by one scene, 38, which glues both stories together and brings protagonist and antagonist (almost) face to face.

Catherine has yet to meet her trilogy antagonist, but here, we the viewer – in privileged superior position – know that only a wall separates her from direct confrontation with her arch enemy Tommy Lee Royce. Dramatic irony at its finest.

The final 3 scenes draw us back into the A story for the season to propel us into the next episode.

Do you agree with this analysis? Please let me know your thoughts.

Happy Valley – S1 E01 – Character Revealed through Action and Dialogue.

In the last post we summarized Season 1 Episode 1.

Analysis:

The purpose of this exercise is to see and understand what the writer discloses about each character in the pilot regarding character.

What is revealed through a) dialogue and b) action?

Let’s take it scene by scene:

NB these scenes do not correspond to the shooting script. They are according to my breakdown from watching the show.

Scene 1:

Action: Catherine is compassionate, skilled and professional.

Dialogue: Catherine is witty, with a dark sense of humour and has a complicated family life, which we learn about in detail.

Scene 2 is opening credits.

Scene 3:

Dialogue: we learn that Weatherill is the accountant and that Nevison, his boss is from a poor background.

Scene 4: 

Dialogue: we learn that Richard is a journalist, and that Tommy Lee Royce (series antagonist) has been released from prison.

Scene 5: 

Dialogue: Ryan has been aggressive and using unacceptable language at school.

Scene 6: 

Dialogue: we learn from Clare that Lee Royce has been released. This is the second time we have heard this, so it must be important.

Scene 7: 

Dialogue: Kevin is jealous of Nevison. He is falling apart. Feels undervalued. 

    Jenny is positive and reassuring, even in the midst of severe illness.

Scene 8:

Dialogue: Normal family friction. Nevison reveals he does value Kevin as he at least is thinking about his pay rise.

Scene 9: 

Dialogue: Richard and Catherine have a good relationship as friends. 

Scene 10:

Action: Richard and Catherine still fancy each other.

Scene 11:

Dialogue: Jenny positive, Kevin negative and self-pitying.

Action: Jenny needs help being put to bed and so is physically dependent on Kevin.

Scene 12:

Action: Writer Sally Wainwright is a fan of Sylvia Plath.

Scene 13: 

Dialogue: Ashley Cowgill presents himself as generous and considerate. Kevin is jealous and self-pitying.

Scene 14:

Catherine is concerned about the whereabouts of Tommy Lee Royce.

Scene 15: 

Action: Cowgill is a cannabis dealer to scale. 

Dialogue: Cowgill is passive / aggressive and a bully.

Scene 16:

Dialogue: Kevin Weatherill is cowardly, deceitful and manipulative.

Scene 17: 

Dialogue: The ‘other’ man working for Cowgill has been in jail for 8 years, and is therefore      the man Catherine is worried about, Tommy Lee Royce. NB we don’t yet know what Lee Royce has done. (We find out in scene 24 / 25).

    Lewis, Cowgill’s other worker, doesn’t like Lee Royce.

Scene 18:

Dialogue: Catherine is tired and impatient with her grandchild, Ryan. She is taking her worry over Tommy Lee Royce out on Ryan, his son – projecting her anxiety onto him.

Scene 19:

Action: We are reminded that Kevin is a father with a daughter.

Scene 20:

Dialogue: Kevin is self-deceiving as he believes he has the power to negotiate over his kidnapping arrangement fee.

Scene 21:

Action: Catherine is active, fearless, professional and strong.

Scene 22:

Dialogue: Catherine wittily makes fun of her own challenges in the job – but not regarding Lee Royce.

Scene 23:

Dialogue: Nevison is generous and kindhearted.

Scene 24 / 25

Dialogue and Action: Catherine is broken over her daughter’s ordeal of sexual violence and subsequent suicide. Through this scene of emotional turbulence exposition and backstory about her daughter Becky and Tommy Lee Royce’s crime and character are expertly revealed.

Scene 26:

Dialogue: Catherine desires intimacy with Richard.

Scene 27:

Dialogue: Catherine hates Lee Royce

Scene 28:

Action: Kevin cannot sleep.

Scene 29:

Dialogue: Kevin is nervous and scared.

Scene 30:

Action: Ashley seems cool and focused / Kevin is aggressive and careless.

Dialogue: Ashley sounds anxious.

Scene 31:

Action: Ann is fervent, youthful and life-loving.

Scene 32 / 33 as 31.

Sceen 34:

Lewis and Lee Royce are in conflict.

Scene 35:

Action: Kevin is experiencing inner conflict between doing what is right and fear of the consequences.

Scene 36:

Action: Catherine is busy at work.

Scene 37:

Action: Catherine is quick-thinking / Kevin is impulsive and irrational.

Scene 38:

Action: Lee Royce is brutal, misogynistic and violent / Lewis is naive.

Dialogue: Lee Royce is brutal, misogynistic and violent.

Scene 39:

Dialogue: Kevin is naive.

Scene 40:

Action: Lee Royce is a narcissist (signified by his adjusting his hair in the rear view mirror immediately after having been violent to Ann).

Dialogue: Lee Royce is vulgar, misogynistic and violent / Lewis is inexperienced, thoughtless and naive.

Scene 41:

Dialogue: Catherine is chatty, convivial.

Scene 42:

Action: Catherine is fearless.

Scene 43:

Action: Catherine is intensely angry.

Scene 44:

Action: Nevison is terrified.

Dialogue: Kevin is nervous.

Scene 45:

Dialogue: Lee Royce is heartless, cruel, and sadistic.

Scene 46:

Dialogue: Nevison loves his daughter.

Dialogue: Kevin is duplicitous.

Scene 47:

Action: Catherine is smart, resourceful, investigatively skillful.

Happy Valley (by Sally Wainwright) – S1 E01 summary: Act 1

What is interesting after watching this and reading the screenplay are two things:

  1. The writer only reveals the name of the antagonist (Tommy) at the end of the act in the script and on screen. Whereas on screen we can expect to have information held back from us, Sally Wainwright expertly withholds his name from us in the script as well.
  2. We know that this Tommy Lee Royce has been released, because we hear it several times, from Catherine, Richard and Clare. But we don’t know what the fascination is, who he is, and what he has done… yet.
  3. Tommy is the main antagonist of the trilogy, but arguably not the main antagonist of the episode, which goes to Kevin Weatherill. Yet his name stated marks the end of Act 1. ‘Tommy, do you wanna cup of tea?’ Now we know that this is the man everyone is talking about.
  4. The opening scene is a man threatening to set himself on fire. Everyone seems to hear about it, so it seems quite important, but Catherine doesn’t consider it worth talking about. In fact, it has nothing to do with the plot that unfolds. Is it possible that Sally Wainwright knew the end of season 3 even though she wrote season 1 a full 8 years before season 3 and foreshadowed the 2023 climax in episode 1 of season 1 in 2014?

Below is a summary of scenes in Act 1.

  1. PARK – 0.00 – 2.36 (2.36)

Catherine Cawood tries to stop a youth from setting himself on fire. So we open with a kind of save the cat scene. During the scene we instantly learn Catherine has a wicked sense of humour. Told to keep the kid engaged in conversation, introducing herself, Catherine tells the youth (and us) “I’m Catherine, by the way. I’m 47. I’m divorced. I live with my sister, who’s a recovering heroin addict. I’ve two grown-up children: one dead, one who doesn’t speak to me, and a grandson, so…” And we the audience have Catherine’s life in a nutshell. This is, in fact, a clever technique by the writer. As the season continues we learn that the ‘one dead’ and ‘a grandson’ are pivotal to the main story. An active question we are left asking ourselves is ‘why is her grown up child dead?’ 

What do we learn about Catherine in this scene? She is caring. She is witty, with a dark sense of humour. She has a complicated family life. 

  1. Opening Credits: 2.36 – 3.04 (0.28)
  1. NEVISON GALLAGHER’s OFFICE – 3.04 – 5.28 (2.24)

This scene introduces us to Kevin Weatherill who asks his boss Nevison Gallagher to give him a pay rise to cover his daughter’s school fees for a private school. We learn from the dialogue that Nevison Gallagher did not attend a private school ‘a clever kid will do well wherever they go – look at me.’ We learn that Kevin is the accountant.

  1. STREET – 5.28 – 6.46 (1.18)
  1. Richard asks about the kid who set fire to himself (he didn’t).
  2. Richard tells Catherine the local newspaper is going online so he’s losing his job. 
  3. He asks Catherine out. 
  4. He tells her Tommy Lee Royce has been released.
  1. RYAN’s SCHOOL 6.46 – 7.54 (1.08)

Ryan’s teacher asks Catherine to speak to her. Tells her Ryan has been aggressive and using unacceptable language.

  1. Catherine’s HOME 7.54 – 9.21 (1.27)

Clare mentions the youth setting fire to himself. Catherine tells her 

  1. Richard has asked her out 
  2. Ryan is in trouble at school.
  3. Tommy Lee Royce is out of prison.
  1. WEATHERILL’s HOME 9.21 – 9.59 (0.38)

Kevin Weatherill talks to Jenny (his wife) about being refused a pay rise. Jenny tries to be positive and reassuring. Kevin can’t hold it together. 

  1. GALLAGHER’S HOME 9.59 – 11.06 (1.07)

Family dinner. Nevison talks to his wife, Helen and daughter, Ann, about Kevin wanting a pay rise. Father-daughter friction between Nevison and Ann. He quips that paying for Anne’s private education was a waste of money – “might as well have pissed it up against the wall.”

  1. RESTAURANT 11.06 – 13.13 (2.07)

Catherine and Richard have dinner. Richard moans about being too old to change career. Richard asks about the kid setting fire to himself again. Catherine really doesn’t want to talk about work. She advises Richard to write a big story about drugs to sell to the national papers, then asks if Richard knows where Tommy Lee Royce is staying.

  1. RICHARD’S CAR 13.12 – 14.03 (0.51)

Richard and Catherine kiss. 

  1. WEATHERILL’S BEDROOM 14.03 – 15.16 (1.13)

Weatherill moans about Nevison as he puts Jenny, who is suffering with MS, to bed. Jenny is positive. Weatherill is self-deprecating and negative. Weatherill is bitter that he doesn’t own half of the company. He feels like he is is being shafted.

  1. CEMETRY 15.16 – 16.10 (0.54)

Catherine is looking at Rebecca’s grave stone. Clare and Ryan arrive. Ryan notices old pens left on the grave of Sylvia Plath Hughes.

  1.  COWGILL’s CARAVAN PARK 16.10 – 17.49 (1.39)

Ashley Cowgill greets Weatherill, Jenny and their daughters. Cowgill says he has worked out wheelchair access for Jenny to play table tennis. Weatherill groans about how wealthy Cowgill is compared to his own situation.

  1. OUTDOORS WALKING 17.49 – 18.43 (0.54)

Catherine speaks to Clare about where Tommy Lee Royce may be living.

  1. CARAVAN PARK 18.43 – 21.22 (2.39)

Two young men lift sacks of cement as Cowgill watches. Weatherill presents Cowgill with a cheque and sees a bag of cannabis fall out of the cement bag. Weatherill says he won’t say anything. The men stare fiercely at Weatherill. Cowgill coerces him into going for a beer. It is interesting to note that in the screenplay the two men are referred to as two men. Then, when LEWIS is named, Tommy Lee Royce’s character is still only referred to as the the OTHER MAN. So, just as when we watch the scene, we don’t know that this man is the released prisoner (and main antagonist of the entire trilogy) Tommy Lee Royce, who both Clare and Richard (and Catherine) have been talking about, also, when we read the script, we don’t know that this ‘other man’ is significant. The script withholds information, just as the scene on our screens does.

  1. CARAVAN PARK – BAR 21.22 – 23.30 (2.08)

Weatherill proposes Cowgill make half a million from kidnapping Ann Gallagher. He explains the backstory and why he hates Nevison Gallagher so much.

  1. CARAVAN PARK 23.30 – 24.32 (1.02)

One of the men (Lewis) tells Cowgill he doesn’t like the new fellow. Cowgill says to give him a break. He’s been inside for 8 years, and only just got out. Now we hear Cowgill call the ‘other man’ by his name. “Tommy, wanna cup o’tea?” Now we know this is the one Catherine is worried about. But we don’t yet know why.